This section sets out the various tools that are available to the council to deal with alleged unauthorised development. In accordance with the need for a proportionate approach, which tool (if any) will be used in each individual case will depend on the circumstances and the level of harm identified.
This is used to obtain information about alleged unauthorised development and it can be used to invite discussion on how any suspected breach of control may be remedied. It is normally used to establish the owners and occupiers of land and details of the nature and level of activities that are suspected to be taking place. Failure to respond to a PCN, or the provision of false information, are criminal offences carrying a maximum fine of £1,000 and £5,000 respectively.
The council may issue an Enforcement Notice where it considers that there has been a breach of planning control and it is appropriate to issue the Notice. The EN is used to remedy a breach of planning control that is causing serious harm to public amenity. It must specify the date it takes effect (not less than 28 days after service), the steps to be taken and the compliance period (which will be a timeframe within which it is considered reasonable to remedy the specific breach). There is a right of appeal to the Planning Inspectorate against the EN, and this suspends the EN’s requirements until the appeal is determined.
Enforcement Warning Notice
S171B(4) enables Local Planning Authorities to write to developers to voluntarily request, within a specified period, regularisation by way of applying for planning permission.
Breach of Condition Notice (BCN)
This is used to secure compliance with planning conditions and takes effect no less than 28 days after service. It must specify the steps that the council considers ought to be taken to secure compliance with the specified condition and the period allowed for compliance. There is no right of appeal against a BCN and a failure to comply with it is a criminal offence carrying a fine, which could be unlimited (April 2024).
Stop Notice (SN)
A Stop Notice can only be served on land where an Enforcement Notice has been served and is used as an effective way of stopping an activity that is causing serious harm to public amenity. It prohibits the activity taking place on the land but cannot be used to stop the use of any building as a dwelling or any activity that has been carried out for more than four years. There is a risk of the council being liable to pay compensation if the Enforcement Notice is quashed on appeal or the notices have to be withdrawn.
Temporary Stop Notice (TSN)
This is used where the council considers that there has been a breach of planning control and it is necessary, in order to safeguard the amenity of the area, that the activity that amounts to the breach should stop immediately. This notice differs from the normal Stop Notice powers because it does not have to wait for an Enforcement Notice to be issued. The effect of the TSN is immediate and must prohibit the activity that is in breach. It can be served on any person carrying out the activity, and must be displayed on the site. The TSN is only in effect for 56 days, during which the time the council must decide whether it is appropriate to serve an Enforcement Notice. TSNs have been used successfully to stop work on development sites when important pre-commencement planning conditions have not been complied with and there is a serious concern relating to issues such as highway safety, contaminated land or tree protection.
Prosecution
Some breaches of planning control are criminal offences, such as the carrying out of unauthorised works to a listed building or a protected tree, or the display of unauthorised advertisements. It is also an offence not to comply with the requirements of a Breach of Condition Notice, an Enforcement Notice, a Stop Notice, a Temporary Stop Notice or a Planning Contravention Notice. Legal proceedings can be instigated in the Magistrates’ Court and the maximum fine for most of these offences if found guilty in the Magistrates’ Court is £20,000 (December 2022) and unlimited if found guilty in the Crown Court. However, maximum fines are less for illegal advertisements, BCNs and failure to complete and return a PCN, which requires the provision of accurate and truthful information to the council.
Injunction
Section 187B(1) provides a wide-ranging power to obtain a planning enforcement injunction when a court order is needed to restrain a breach of planning control. Applications for an injunction from the courts may be made when it is necessary or appropriate for any actual or apprehended breach of planning control to be restrained, whether or not the council has exercised or is proposing to exercise any of its other enforcement powers. Any failure to comply with the terms of a court order is a contempt of court and can result in imprisonment.
This notice requires land, which can include buildings, to be made tidy if the condition of the land is such that it causes harm to the amenity of the area. The notice must specify the steps that the landowner must take to make the land tidy, such as clearing rubbish or overgrown vegetation.
There is a right of appeal against the notice to the Magistrates’ Court. If the notice is not complied with, the council can enter the land and carry out the steps in default and recover its reasonable costs incurred by doing so.
Listed Building Enforcement Notice
This Enforcement Notice applies to listed buildings and is similar to an Enforcement Notice in most respects. It can require the removal of any unauthorised works or the reinstatement of the fabric of the listed building that has been removed. There is a right of appeal against such a notice to the Planning Inspectorate.
Listed Building Temporary Stop Notice
The Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 (“the Listed Buildings Act”), enables a local planning authority which suspects unauthorised works were carried out on a listed building, to issue a temporary stop notice requiring the works to stop for up to 56 days, to allow the local authority to investigate the suspected breach and establish the facts of the case. It is an offence for contravention of such a notice.
Conservation Area Enforcement Notice
This type of Enforcement Notice is used in Conservation Areas when works have been carried out in contravention of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990. An example of this would be the unauthorised demolition of a building or a wall in a Conservation Area, and the requirement of the notice would be to rebuild it. There is a right of appeal against such a notice to the Planning Inspectorate.
Default Powers (“Direct Action”)
Section 178 enables the council to take direct action where, on expiry of the Enforcement Notice compliance period, the required steps have not been taken, by carrying out “default” action and recovering its reasonable expenses from the owner or through placing a charge on the land. This power relates to Enforcement Notices and untidy land Notices served under section 215 of the 1990 Act (as amended).
Article 4 Directions
These are used to remove “permitted development” rights under the Town and Country Planning (General Permitted Development) Order 1995 (as amended). These have been used successfully to remove the normal permitted development rights to erect fences and other means of enclosure, or temporary uses of land, when open land is being sold off as speculative building plots. The direction is provisional for six months and has to be confirmed by the Secretary of State in order to become permanent. It means that planning permission would have to be granted by the council in order to carry out the development.
In the 2021 update to the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) the government made it clear that the use of Article 4 directions to remove national permitted development rights should, in all cases, be based on robust evidence, and apply to the smallest geographical area possible (NPPF paragraph 53).
Section 225 Powers
Section 225 enables the council to remove or obliterate placards and posters that are being displayed in contravention of the Town and Country Planning (Control of Advertisements) Regulations 2007 (as amended). A notice period of no less than two days must be afforded to the advertiser prior to exercising this power in order to allow for voluntary compliance.
Discontinuance Notice
This Notice requires the removal of an advertisement displayed with the benefit of deemed advertisement consent (i.e. an advertisement that would not normally require consent from the council to be displayed). A Discontinuance Notice is a useful tool in preventing the display of advertisements where they adversely affect the setting or character of listed buildings or Conservation Areas.
Confiscation under the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002
If an offence is considered to be ongoing at a site under investigation, in certain circumstances the council will consider instigating confiscation proceedings under the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002. Confiscation proceedings can only be brought alongside a related criminal prosecution.
By way of an example, confiscation proceedings could be used where the offender operates in a manner which involves activity or activities that constitute a breach of planning control.
The council can consider whether, on the facts known to it, the perpetrator is likely to have benefited from their criminal conduct. If the perpetrator is and has been making money as a result of their planning breaches, and continues in breach, a confiscation order may well be appropriate.
Localism Act 2011
In April 2012, new enforcement powers were introduced through the Localism Act 2011. These powers include:
Section 70C
The council may decline to determine a retrospective planning application for development which is subject of an Enforcement Notice served after 6 April 2012.
Section 171B – Planning Enforcement Order
The council may apply to the Magistrates’ Court for a Planning Enforcement Order (PEO) if evidence comes to light that a breach of planning control has been concealed. This prevents the development from becoming immune from enforcement action where it has been deliberately concealed.
However, it should be noted that there is a very high bar that needs to be reached to demonstrate deliberate concealment and significant cost implications to the council should a PEO be quashed or withdrawn, so the use of this power must be very carefully considered and applied.
Section 225A – Removal Notices
Section 225A allows the council to remove and dispose of any display structure within the Borough which, in the council’s opinion, is being used for the display of advertisement in contravention of the Town and Country Planning (Control of Advertisements) Regulations 2007 (as amended). This power is exercised once the council has served a Removal Notice upon the persons who appear to be responsible for the structure. There is a right of appeal against this notice to the Magistrates’ Court.